08屆高一全國中學(xué)生英語能力競賽語法冠詞語法精講精練
(一)不定冠詞的用法
不定冠詞有a和an兩種形式。a用在以輔音音標(biāo)開頭的詞前,an用在以元音音標(biāo)開頭的詞前。
a house,a useful book,a one-eyed camel,a European village
an hour,an umbrella,an office,an exercise
不定冠詞的用法主要有:
1)泛指某人或某物,不具體說明其為何人或何物。在行文敘述時,第一次提到某個人或事物時,通常使用不定冠詞,此為“泛指”。例如:
A girl is asking for you on the phone.
My mother works in a hospital.
2)用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,表示一類人或事物,即以一個個體代表整類人或事物,此為“類指”。例如:
A plane is faster than a train.飛機比火車快。
A snake is a cold-blooded animal.蛇是冷血動物。
3)表示“一”,但數(shù)量概念沒有one強烈。例如:
They waited there for an hour.他們在那等了一個小時。
Rome wasn't built in a day.羅馬非一天能建成。(即:冰凍三尺非一日之寒。)
如特別強調(diào)數(shù)量,應(yīng)使用one。例如:
I have only one dictionary and I need it myself.
4)用在表示時間、速度、價格等計量單位的名詞前表示“每一”,相當(dāng)于per或every。例如:
The plane can get 300 kilometers an hour.飛機的速度是每小時300公里。
The doctor told her to take the medicine three times a day.醫(yī)生叫她一天服三次藥。
We work five days a week.我們一周工作五天。
5)用于抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞前(特別是這兩種名詞有定語修飾時),使之意義具體化,表示“一種”、“一件”、“一份”等。例如:
It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.我被邀請參加聚會是一種榮譽。(honour是抽象名詞,an honour指一件榮譽的事)
There was heavy rain last week.(rain為物質(zhì)名詞,這里指一場雨)
6)用于序數(shù)詞(后加名詞)前,表示又一個,又一次。例如:
He tried a sixth time and succeeded.他又試第六次,結(jié)果成功了。
When I sat down,a fourth student rose to speak.當(dāng)我坐下時,又有第四個同學(xué)起立發(fā)言。
7)用于某一個人名、地名前,使專有名詞普通化。例如:
A Mr.Li has been waiting for you.一位姓李的先生一直在等你。
Chongqing is known as a Shanghai of the west.重慶被稱作西部的上海。(Shanghai是專有名詞,本句中a Shanghai指和上海一樣繁華的城市)
8)用于某些固定詞組中,是這些詞組不可缺少的組成部分。例如:
in a moment立刻,馬上 once upon a time從前
as a result (of)作為(……)的結(jié)果 in a hurry急忙地
in a word一句話,總而言之 once in a while偶爾地
have a good time過得很愉快 have a word with與……說句話
have/take a look (at)看一看 have/take a rest休息一下
take an active part in積極參加 (比較:take part in參加,不能說take a part in)
do sb.a favour幫某人的忙 put an end to結(jié)束
at a mouthful一大口地 all of a sudden突然地
(二)不用冠詞的場合
1)不可數(shù)名詞(物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞和專有名詞)前通常不用冠詞;可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)表示泛指時其前也不用冠詞。例如:
Water is changed into steam by heat and into ice by cold.水加熱變成蒸汽,遇冷則變成冰。
On Sundays shops are always crowded with people.
2)稱呼語以及表示獨一無二的職位的名詞作表語、同位語、賓語補語(或主語補語)時,前面不用冠詞。例如:
Will you help me to solve the maths problem,Mother?
Bush Jr.was elected president of the United States.
3)名詞前已有作定語的代詞this,that,my,your,whose,which,some,any等修飾時,不用冠詞。例如:
They had no children.
Whose bike is this?
4)表示節(jié)日、月份、星期、學(xué)科、運動項目以及三餐飯的名稱的名詞前通常不用冠詞。例如:
Christmas (Day)is coming.
We will hold a meeting on Friday.
Maths is as interesting as physics.
Let's go and play football,shall we?
Let's go and watch them play chess.
We went out for a walk after supper.
季節(jié)、月份、日期前如有限制性定語修飾,應(yīng)用定冠詞,如表示“某一個”或“一種”時,也可用不定冠詞。例如:
He graduated from school in the summer of 1990.
We had a terribly hot summer this year.
特指某頓飯時可加定冠詞,有定語修飾時三餐飯名稱前可用不定冠詞。例如:
What do you think of the dinner?你認為晚餐如何?
They had a wonderful lunch.他們吃了頓豐盛的午餐。
5)as引出的讓步狀語從句中,作表語的名詞提前,通常不用冠詞。例如:
Child as he was,he knew two foreign languages.雖然他是個孩子,卻懂得兩門外語。
6)報紙的標(biāo)題、書名、劇本提示等中常省略冠詞。例如:
Workers On Strike工人在罷工
7)某些習(xí)慣用語中名詞前不用冠詞,具體名詞表示抽象概念。例如:
He goes to school by bus,but I go to school on foot.
Postmen deliver newspapers and letters from door to door.
He was so tired that he went to bed without supper.
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳