（三）過去分詞：
1、過去分詞的基本用法：過去分詞只有一種形式，也沒有主動語態(tài)，它所表示的動作是一個被動的或是已完成的動作。過去分詞在句中也可用作定語、表語、賓語或狀語等成分。過去分詞在句中作某種成分時，其邏輯主語一般為該分詞所表示的動作的承受者，如：
（1）作定語：過去分詞作定語時，如果這個分詞是一個單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞短語，就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過去分詞所修飾的名詞，就是該分詞的邏輯主語，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
（2）作表語：過去分詞作表語時，表示其邏輯主語所處的狀態(tài)，其邏輯主語就是句中的主語，如：The glass is broken.這個玻璃杯是破的。 注：過去分詞作表語時，和動詞的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但兩者表達(dá)的意義不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.這個玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表語用的過去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
（3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，句中的賓語就是其邏輯主語，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：動詞have后的復(fù)合賓語中，賓語補(bǔ)足語如為過去分詞，常表示該分詞所表示的動作是由別人來執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語自己來執(zhí)行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找別人）把我的自行車給修了。
（4）作狀語：過去分詞作狀語時，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語一般都是主句的主語，是過去分詞所表示意義的邏輯賓語。為了使作狀語的過去分詞意義更加明確，常在分詞前加when, if, while, though, as等連詞，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語，是give的邏輯賓語。）
獨立主格：上述-ing和過去分詞的用法中，-ing和過去分詞在句中均有邏輯主語，但有時它們也能有自己的獨立的主語，這種獨立的主語，一般為名詞或代詞，位于其前之前，和-ing或過去分詞構(gòu)成獨立主格。獨立主格在句中一般只作狀語用，而-ing和過去分詞作用的形式，則要根據(jù)它們所表示的動作和句中謂語動詞所表示的時間關(guān)系而定。至于獨立主格中是使用-ing或是過去分詞，則要根據(jù)它們的主語和其所表示的動作的主動被動關(guān)系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ①獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中的being或having been常可省去，如：The meeting (being) over, all left the room. ②作伴隨狀語的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)常可用with短語來代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
2、-ing形式與過去分詞的區(qū)別：
（1）語態(tài)不同：-ing形式表示主動概念，及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演說；the inspired audience受鼓舞的聽眾。
（2）時間關(guān)系不同：現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作一般是正在進(jìn)行中的動作，而過去分詞所表示的動作，往往是已經(jīng)完成的動作，如：The changing world正在發(fā)生的世界；the changed world已經(jīng)起了變化的世界。
練習(xí)、非謂語動詞（三）
1. There is no question of _____ able to finish it himself.
A. Tom was B. Tom's being C. Tom's be D. Tom is
2. The new shopping center _____ now will be put into use by the end of this year.
A. built B. be built C. being built D. to be built
3. "Have you had supper?" "Not yet. The meal_____."
A. are being cooked B. is being cooked C. is cooked D. are cooked
4. "I'm glad ______ you here in the hotel." "It's my great pleasure to have you ______ us."
A. meeting, to B. to have met, with C. having met, among D. to meet, of
5. I'm afraid I can't make myself _____ in English.
A. understanding B. understand C. to be understood D. understood
6. Although in a hurry, Wilson ______.
A. couldn't stop walking B. couldn't help the stranger
C. stopped to help the stranger D. didn't answer the stranger
7. Janet is easy _____.
A. for getting along with B. by getting along with
C. to get along with D. got along with
8. Don't forget ______ the light when you leave.
A. turn off B. to turn off C. turning off D. turned off
9. The mother is very glad; her baby is beginning ______.
A. understanding what she means B. to understand that she meant
C. to understand what she means D. noticing what she means ,
10. I think this story is _____ .
A. worth being read B. worth reading C. worth to read D. worth of reading
11. This scientist is a man ______ praise.
A. worth to B. worthy to be C. worthy of D. worth
12. I don't want ______ any more trouble, you see?
A. there being B. it to be C. it being D. there to be
13. When she returned home, she found the window open and something ______.
A. stealing B. missed C. stolen D. to steal
14. Strictly _____, it isn't worth the price you are asking.
A. to speak B. speaking C. speak D. spoken
15. Time ______, they'll come here to watch us ______ football.
A. permitted, playing B. permitted, to play C. permitting, play D. permitting, to play
16. The man was seen _____ into the courtyard.
A, stealing B. stolen C. be stealing D. had stolen
17. Bob should love _____ to the party tomorrow evening.
A. taking B. to be taken C. to take D. being taken
18. Tom had no choice but _____ the classroom with his classmates.
A. to clean B. clean C. cleaning D. cleans
19. Mr. Brown said that his car needed
A. to be repaired B. being repaired C. be repairing D. to repair
20. The old man didn't know whether to sell the car or____ .
A. being kept for later use B. kept for later use
C. to keep it for later use D. to be kept it for later use
21. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard in the next classroom.
A. being opened and closed B. opened and closed
C. having been opened and closed D. to be opened and closed
22. I remember _____ someone ____ the umbrella away.
A. to see, take B. having seen, to take
C. to see, to take D. having seen, take
23. She was noticed ______ the shop.
A. to enter B. enter C. having entered D. entered
24. I couldn't help _____ when I heard the joke.
A. being laughed B. laughing C. to be laughing D. to laugh
25._____, she burst into tears.
A. Deeply moved B. Deeply moving
C. As she deeply moved D. As she was deeply moving
26. The problem requires ______.
A. studying with great care B. to study carefully
C. to be studied without carelessness D. taking great care of studying it
27. _____ carelessly, the boy made mistakes here and there. .
A. being written B. Wrote C. Write D. Writing
28. He would rather ______ his parents with their housework than _____ out to play games.
A. to help, to go B. help, go C. help, to go D. to help, go
29. The boy had his leg _____ while ____ football.
A. broken, playing B. break, play C. broken, played D. broke, was playing
30. Having finished the work,_____. A. it was almost six o'clock
B. a postman came and delivered the evening paper and some letters
C. supper had been already prepared D. we had a rest and then had supper
31. He is ill. He has kept_____.
A. coughing all along B. to cough at night
C. cough since yesterday D. being coughed day and night
32. It is no use ____ without _____.
A. to talk, doing B. taking, being done
C. talking, doing D. being talked, being to do
33. "I usually go there by boat." "Why not _____ by train for a change?"
A. try going B. to try going C. trying to go D. to try and go
34._____, she felt quite shy at the party.
A. As she a stranger B. Being a stranger
C. According to a stranger D. She like a stranger
35. Every morning he gets up early and practises ______ and then _____ to school.
A. to read English, go B. reading English, going
C. reading English, goes D. of reading English, goes
36. While _____ football on tin playground, I found 'my keys ______.
A. playing, lost , B. play, losing C. played, being lost D. having played, lost
37. ____ the same mistakes again made his parents very angry.
A. His having made B. He has made C. He had making D. Him making
38. Dick made it ______ to all his friends.
A. to know B. known C. know D. knowing
39. Anna spends one hour a day _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise C. on practising D. in practising
40. No one was surprised at _____ the examination.
A. he passing B. his pass C. him pass D. his passing
41. Although swimming is his favourite sport, yet he doesn't like _____ today.
A. to swim B. swimming C. swim D. to have swim
42. She sat at the desk and set about _____ a letter to her friend.
A. to write B. writing C. write D. written
43. This soup is cold; it needs _____.
A. to heat B. to be heated C. being hot D. heated
44. I went ______a balloon but I didn't see anyone _____ balloons.
A. to buy, to sell B. to buy, selling C. buying, selling D. buying, to sell
45. Anna is often heard ______songs in her room.
A. sung B. singing C. sing D. to sing
46. The more you practise ______ English, the better your _____ English will be.
A. to speak, speaking B. speaking, spoken C. spoken, spoken D. spoken, speaking