動(dòng) 名 詞 (The Gerund)
動(dòng)名詞可以起名詞的作用，在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語；同時(shí)，它還保留著動(dòng)詞的一些特征，如有完成式和被動(dòng)語態(tài)，可以有自己的賓語和狀語.
動(dòng)名詞的形式：以write為例
主動(dòng)語態(tài) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)
一般式 writing being written
完成式 having written having been written
一、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：
1． 作主語
eg.) Reading books makes one wise.
Collecting stamps is interesting.
① 與不定式區(qū)別:
動(dòng)名詞作主語表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的抽象動(dòng)作;不定式作主語表示具體的特別是將來的動(dòng)作。
Eg.) _____ (Walking, To walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
_____ (Finishing, To finish) the work in a week is impossible.
② 常用it作形式主語:
限于名詞: good, use, fun, joy或形容詞:good, nice, interesting, useless, worth, etc.
eg.)It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
It’s no good quarrelling with such a bad-tempered person.
③ 注意主謂一致:
單個(gè)的動(dòng)名詞短語作主語,謂語用單數(shù);由and連接的多個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語作主語, 謂語多用復(fù)數(shù).
Eg.) Plating flowers _____ (need) constant watering.
Learning a theory and putting it into practice ___ (are, is) two different things.
④ 用于結(jié)構(gòu):
There is no doing sth.
No doing.
have a good (hard ) time/ difficulty/ problem/trouble /fun/ pleasure (in) doing sth.
Eg.) There is no ____ (know) what will happen in the future.
No _____ (spit) in public places.
With the boy _______ (lead) the way, we had no difficulty ________ (find) his house.
2.作表語：(be, remain, taste, sound, smell等link-v.后)
eg.)In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.
My job is _____(type) letters.
(抽象、習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作)
My job now is _______(type) these letters.
(某次具體的特別是將來的動(dòng)作)
3.作定語：
動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)的區(qū)別:
動(dòng)名詞作定語時(shí),表示它所修飾的名詞的用途,而不表示動(dòng)作.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí),表示它所修飾的名詞正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.
a walking stick= a stick for walking
a dancing hall= a hall for dancing
比較:
a sleeping car= a car for sleeping ( _______ )
a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping ( _______ )
4.作賓語：(動(dòng)賓,介賓)
①有些動(dòng)詞及短語后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語：
常見動(dòng)詞: advise, avoid（避免）, appreciate（感激）, admit（承認(rèn)）,consider(考慮), complete, delay, deny（否認(rèn)）, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, miss, mind, mention, permit, practise, risk（冒險(xiǎn)）, suggest(建議), understand, etc.
常見短語:be busy, be worth, burst out, insist on, feel like, can’t help (忍不住), set about, succeed in, persist in
be/get used/accustomed to, look forward to, object to, be opposed to, pay attention to, get down to, devote oneself/one’s life ( energy, effort, time) to, be reduced to (淪為), admit/ owe to（承認(rèn)）
【lead to, stick to, listen to, refer to, turn to, thanks to, owing to, due to, be open to (愿意接受), in addition to (除外), be familiar to, give one’s mind to (專心于), be sentenced to，be equal to，keep to，point to, give rise to (引起), stand up to (勇敢面對(duì)), see to （注意，處理，照料）, trust to (依靠，憑), look up to（尊敬） 后接名詞,一般不接動(dòng)名詞】
eg.) Would you mind ____ (fill) out this form?
I’m sorry I missed ___(see) you while in Beijing.
②allow, advise, consider, forbid, permit等動(dòng)詞
～ +doing sth.
～ + sb. to do sth.
eg.) The doctor advised ___ (take ) a good rest.
The doctor advised the patient ___ (take ) a good rest.
③某些動(dòng)詞后既可接動(dòng)名詞,也可接不定式.
常見動(dòng)詞: begin/start, continue; love, like, dislike, hate, prefer; need, want, require; forget, remember, regret; mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, can’t help
A.) begin/start
三種情況下,一般接不定式做賓語:①主語是sth.;②本身用于進(jìn)行時(shí);③做賓語的動(dòng)詞表示情感、思想或意念時(shí)(如:like, love, understand, realize, understand, know, etc.)
B.) love, like, dislike, hate, prefer,如表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作,
用動(dòng)名詞作賓語;如表示特定或具體的動(dòng)作,多接不定式.
Eg.) I like___(play) chess during my spare time.
I like___(play) at chess with the chess master now.
C.) need, want require
eg.) He wants _____(repair) the bike for me.
The bike needs/wants/ requires______(repair).
D.) forget, remember, regret
eg.) The light in the office is still on. I forgot ____ (turn) it off.
I’ll never forget ____(see) the musical comedy in New York.
Remember____( meet) me tonight.
I remember ____(take) to Beijing when I was a child.
I regret ____ (inform) you that you are dismissed.
I regret ______( not take ) his advice.
E.) mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, can’t help
Eg.) What do you mean _____ (do ) with it?
____(miss) the train means __(wait) for another two hours.
He’s been trying ____ (get) you on the phone.
Let’s try___ (knock) at the back door.
He paused and went on __ (explain) the text to us.
Go on _____(do) the other exercise after you have finished this one.
Wood is used to ___(make) paper.
He is used to _____(get) up early.
She couldn’t help_____( do ) the housework, for she was busy.
People couldn’t help____(laugh) at the foolish emperor in the procession.
④動(dòng)名詞做介詞賓語:
eg.) On _____(hear) the news, she couldn’t help crying.
He went to the party without ___(invite).
注意:except/but后接不定式做賓語
eg.) He had no choice but _____(wait).
He could do nothing but ______(wait).
5.作同位語：
eg.) His habit, listening to the news on the radio, remains unchanged.
二、動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):
① 物主代詞或名詞所有格+ 動(dòng)名詞(作主語、賓語、表語)
② 代詞賓格或名詞普通格+ 動(dòng)名詞(作賓語、表語)
Eg.) My father’s being ill worried us greatly.
=That my father was ill worried us greatly.
His not being present at the party annoyed the hostess.
It’s no use your pretending that you didn’t know the truth.
I suggest them /their having their eyes examined.
Last night I dreamed of there being a garden in front of my house.
What angered me most was the students failing to fulfill their duties.
I think the problem is their/them not having enough time.
注意:
若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為無生命的東西,只用普通格:
eg.) The experiment can’t be carried out because of the equipment being out of order.
In 1949, New China, like a sun rising in the east, appeared in the world.
The news of the new hotel catching fire shocked everyone.= The news that the new hotel caught fire shocked everyone.
The noises of the boxes being opened and closed could be heard.
三、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài):
一般式:表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生.
完成式: 表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前.
Eg.) Seeing is believing.
She denied having been there.
但:I remember seeing/having seen her.
四、動(dòng)名詞的語態(tài): (主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式)
eg.) Do you like _____(treat) like that?
She prided herself on _______(send) to work in Beijing.
Do you mind _______ ( Jane, leave) alone at home?
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____(persuade) into buying something they don’t really need.
注意: be worth, need/want/require后接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)之意.
Eg.) The place is worth _____(visit).
The place is worthy ________(visit).
五、動(dòng)名詞的否定式：
動(dòng)名詞一般式的否定式: not doing
動(dòng)名詞完成式的否定式: not + having done; having never done
eg.)The girl made her mother angry by not taking her medicine.
=The____ ____ _____ the medicine made her mother angry.
The girl is nervous for ______ ( never speak) in public.
They apologized for ____ (not wait) for us.